HYPERPIGMENTATION AND AGE SPOTS Several factors contribute to hyperpigmentation, including the amount of collagen, elastin, and melanin present in the skin. Collagen and elastin are the proteins responsible for skin elasticity, tone, and texture, and are affected by diet, age, sun exposure, hormones, smoke and overall health. Melanin is the substance responsible for color. What is tranexamic acid in skincare? "Traditionally, tranexamic acid is actually a drug which has been used in surgery to stem bleeding, but recent studies show that it has a positive impact on things like melasma (irregular brown and grey-brown areas of discolouration) and hyperpigmentation," says Mark Curry, skin expert and cofounder of The Inkey List. Hyperpigmentation includes the brown or red skin staining left behind by skin inflammation such as acne, which some experts may refer to as surface acne scarring. Consultant dermatologist Dr Anjali Mahto writes on Instagram: "Dermatologists can use tranexamic acid by injecting it into the skin or prescribing oral tablets." She notes that it is also effective in topical skincare products such as serums, which explains why you might be seeing the ingredient everywhere at the moment. What are the benefits of tranexamic acid in skincare? Think of tranexamic acid as a skin brightener which fades discolouration caused by melasma and hyperpigmentation. Using glutathione for skin lightening is a popular beauty treatment in many countries. Glutathione serums have also the tendency to reduce the appearance of the scars, from acne or a minor injury. It is also known to brighten the skin and for uneven skin tone by fading dark spots and age spots under the eye, near cheeks. It supports lighter skin complexion due to its ability to prevent the formation of melanin within the body. Melanin is the chemical responsible for giving dark complexion to the skin. Melanin is produced to protect the skin from harmful radiation from the sun. Glutathione also improves skin elasticity. Glutathione are very much used to combat signs of skin damage and aging. From skin lightening to a reduction in injury scars, Glutathione serums have many benefits in using them regularly. An interesting fact on glutathione- It takes an average time of 1-6 months to notice light complexion changes after glutathione serum application. Is polypeptide good for your skin? Image result for NONAPEPTIDE serum benefits More specifically, collagen is made of three polypeptide chains, so adding peptides can stimulate your skin to make collagen. More collagen can lead to firmer, younger-looking skin Does niacinamide lighten skin? Researchers found Niacinamide is an important ingredient in skin lightening, which works to stop the transfer of melanin pigment (responsible for the darkening of the skin) to skin cells (keratinocyte). Niacinamide decreases hyperpigmentation and lightens skin gradually after using it for a long duration.